| Name |
Use of Known Kerberos Credentials |
|
| Likelyhood of attack |
Typical severity |
| Medium |
High |
|
| Summary |
An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain. |
| Prerequisites |
The system/application is connected to the Windows domain and leverages Kerberos authentication. The system/application uses one factor password-based authentication, SSO, and/or cloud-based authentication for Kerberos service accounts. The system/application does not have a sound password policy that is being enforced for Kerberos service accounts. The system/application does not implement an effective password throttling mechanism for authenticating to Kerberos service accounts. The targeted network allows for network sniffing attacks to succeed. |
| Execution Flow |
| Step |
Phase |
Description |
Techniques |
| 1 |
Explore |
[Acquire known Kerberos credentials] The adversary must obtain known Kerberos credentials in order to access the target system, application, or service within the domain. |
- An adversary purchases breached Kerberos service account username/password combinations or leaked hashed passwords from the dark web.
- An adversary guesses the credentials to a weak Kerberos service account.
- An adversary conducts a sniffing attack to steal Kerberos tickets as they are transmitted.
- An adversary conducts a Kerberoasting attack.
|
| 2 |
Experiment |
[Attempt Kerberos authentication] Try each Kerberos credential against various resources within the domain until the target grants access. |
- Manually or automatically enter each Kerberos service account credential through the target's interface.
- Attempt a Pass the Ticket attack.
|
| 3 |
Exploit |
[Impersonate] An adversary can use successful experiments or authentications to impersonate an authorized user or system, or to laterally move within the domain |
|
| 4 |
Exploit |
[Spoofing] Malicious data can be injected into the target system or into other systems on the domain. The adversary can also pose as a legitimate domain user to perform social engineering attacks. |
|
| 5 |
Exploit |
[Data Exfiltration] The adversary can obtain sensitive data contained within domain systems or applications. |
|
|
| Solutions | Create a strong password policy and ensure that your system enforces this policy for Kerberos service accounts. Ensure Kerberos service accounts are not reusing username/password combinations for multiple systems, applications, or services. Do not reuse Kerberos service account credentials across systems. Deny remote use of Kerberos service account credentials to log into domain systems. Do not allow Kerberos service accounts to be a local administrator on more than one system. Enable at least AES Kerberos encryption for tickets. Monitor system and domain logs for abnormal credential access. |
| Related Weaknesses |
|
CWE ID
|
Description
|
| CWE-262 |
Not Using Password Aging |
| CWE-263 |
Password Aging with Long Expiration |
| CWE-294 |
Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay |
| CWE-307 |
Improper Restriction of Excessive Authentication Attempts |
| CWE-308 |
Use of Single-factor Authentication |
| CWE-309 |
Use of Password System for Primary Authentication |
| CWE-522 |
Insufficiently Protected Credentials |
| CWE-654 |
Reliance on a Single Factor in a Security Decision |
| CWE-836 |
Use of Password Hash Instead of Password for Authentication |
|
| Related CAPECS |
|
CAPEC ID
|
Description
|
| CAPEC-151 |
Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials. |
| CAPEC-560 |
An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service. |
|
| Taxonomy: ATTACK |
|
Entry ID
|
Entry Name
|
| 1558 |
Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets |
|